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The Bergen Child study (BCS) is a longitudinal cohort study that started in 2002 with the aim to follow children born in Bergen 1993 – 95 from early school age to college. 

Our main objective is to test whether the dynamics of mood fluctuation as proposed by the Modified DynAffect Model (homebase, variability, strength), differ between ADHD, BipD and BPersD, and from neurotypical controls will be:

(1) to characterize all components of the Modified DynAffect Model, namely homebases, variability and attractor strength (shared and specific) in ADHD, BipD and BPersD, 

(2) to investigate the influence of stressor exposure (both macro- and micro-stressors, measured with high granularity) and sleep therein;

(3) to examine the contribution of polygenic risk factors for Depression, ADHD, BipD, BPersD, Neuroticism, and Resilience therein. 

To carry out these objectives, we will carefully characterize patients clinically, and densely measure affect fluctuations using EMA and established online tools.

The DynaAMoND project is a collaboration between NdP and Helse Bergen.

Memory for Music (M4M) is a research project evaluating the effects of musical training on cognitive abilities in home-dwelling non-musicians with Alzheimer's disease.

It is designed to provide strong evidence of clinical effects and brain mechanisms involved in music-making, and will contribute to a better understanding of Alzheimer's disease and neuroplasticity.

The primary objective of this project is to assess the efficacy of NR in improving motor function in elderly, community-dwelling, frail individuals.

Brain-gut-microbiota interaction in functional gastrointestinal disorders

Methods

Lundervold, AJ. Precision neuropsychology in the area of AI.  Front. Psychol. 2025 16:1537368. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1537368

Karlsen, R. H., Karr, J.E., Saksvik, S.B., Lundervold, A. J., Hjemdal, O., Olsen, A., Iversen, G.L., Skansen (2020). Examining Three-Month Test-Retest Reliability and Reliable Change Using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult.Mar-Apr;29(2):146-154. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1722126.

Lundervold AJ, Vartiainen H, Jensen D, Haavik J. (2021). Test-Retest Reliability of the 25-item version of Wender Utah Rating Scale. Impact of Current ADHD Severity on Retrospectively Assessed Childhood Symptoms. J Atten Disord May;25(7):1001-1009. doi: 10.1177/1087054719879501. Epub 2019 Oct 4.

Brevik, E., Lundervold, A. J., Haavik, J., Posserud, M. (2021). Validity and accuracy of the ASRS and WURS symptom checklists in discriminating between adults with and without ADHD. Brain and Behavior.  May;11(5):e02067. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2067

Adults with ADHD: Interventions

Goal Management training

Jensen, DA, Lundervold, AJ, Stubberud, J, Halmøy, A, Haavik, J, Sørensen, L. "Goal management training improves executive control in adults with ADHD: An open trial employing attention network theory to examine effects on attention". BMC Psychology, Aug 26;10(1):207. doi: 10.1186/s40359-022-00902-9.

Jensen DA, Halmøy A, Stubberud J, Haavik J, Lundervold AJ and Sørensen L (2021) An Exploratory Investigation of Goal Management Training in Adults With ADHD: Improvements in Inhibition and Everyday Functioning. Front. Psychol. 12:659480.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659480

Emotion regulation intervention (ERIA)

Emilie S. Nordby, Viktor Schønning, Alice Barnes, Hayley Denyer, Jonna Kuntsi, Astri J. Lundervold & Frode Guribye^. Experiences of change following a blended intervention for adults with ADHD and emotion dysregulation: a qualitative interview study. BMC Psychiatry. 2025 Jan 20;25(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-06476-1. 

Nordby, ES, Guribye G, Schønning V, Andersen, SL, Kuntsi, J, Lundervold, AJ (2024).^. A blended intervention targeting emotion dysregulation in adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Development and feasibility study. JMIR Form Res. 2024 Jan 17;8:e53931. doi: 10.2196/53931. 

MinADHD

Kenter, Robin, Gjestad, Rolf, Lundervold, AJ, Nordgreen T. A. (2023) Self-guided Internet-delivered Intervention for Adults with ADHD: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Internet Interventions. , April, 100614, 

Nordby, E.S., Kenter, R.M.F.,^, Lundervold, A.J., Nordgreen, T. (2021).^. A self-guided Internet-delivered intervention for adults with ADHD: A feasibility study. Internet Interventions. Jun 15;25:100416. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2021.100416. eCollection 2021 Sep.

Flobak E, Nordby ES, Guribye F, Kenter R, Nordgreen T, Lundervold AJ. Designing Videos With and for Adults With ADHD for an Online Intervention: Participatory Design Study and Thematic Analysis of Evaluation. JMIR Ment Health. 2021 Sep 14;8(9):e30292. doi: 10.2196/30292.

Adult ADHD: gender

Solberg BS, Posserud M-B, Høberg A, Instanes JT, Kvalvik LG, Austgulen A, Khan A, Lundervold AJ, Halmøy A, Gjestad R, Klungsøyr K, Haavik J. Sex differences in self-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in clinical and population based cohorts. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology.  JCPP Advances. 2025;e70012. doi: 10.1002/jcv2.70012

ADHD and self-harm

Austgulen A, Posserud MB, Hysing M, Haavik J, Lundervold AJ. Deliberate self-harm in adolescents screening positive for attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: a population-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2024 Aug 19;24(1):564. doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-06008-3. 

Austgulen, A, Skram, NKG., Haavik, J, Lundervold, AJ (2023)l. Risk factors of suicidal spectrum behaviors in adults and adolescents with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder – a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 23, 612 (2023). 

Beyond challenges

Nordby, E., Guribye, F., Nordgreen, T., Lundervold, AJ (2023). The silver lining of ADHD: A thematic analysis of adults’ positive experiences with having ADHD. BMJ Open 13:e072052. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072052.

Adults with ADHD: Characteristics

Lundervold, A. J., Halmøy, Anne, Nordby, Emilie, Haavik, Jan, Meza, Jocelyn. Current and retrospective childhood ratings of emotional fluctuations in adults with ADHD. Front. Psychol., 15 December 2020 |doi: 

Lundervold, A.J., Jensen, D., Haavik, J. (2020). Insomnia, alcohol consumption and ADHD symptoms in adults. Frontiers of Psychology. 27;11:1150. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01150. eCollection 2020. 

Pedersen, AB, Edvardsen, BV, Messina, SM, Volden, MR, Weyandt, L., & Lundervold, AJ (2024). Self-Esteem in Adults With ADHD Using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: A Systematic Review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 28(7), 1124- 1138.  

Adults with IBS

Protocol

Berentsen B, Nagaraja BH, Teige EP, Lied GA, Lundervold AJ, Lundervold K, Steinsvik EK, Hillestad ER, Valeur J, Brønstad I, Gilja OH, Osnes B, Hatlebakk JG, Haász J, Labus J, Gupta A, Mayer EA, Benitez-Páez A, Sanz Y, Lundervold A, Hausken T. Study protocol of the Bergen brain-gut-microbiota-axis study: A prospective case-report characterization and dietary intervention study to evaluate the effects of microbiota alterations on cognition and anatomical and functional brain connectivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Medicine 2020;99:37(e21950). doi: .

Cognition

Lundervold A, Bjørsvik  BR, Billing  J, Berentsen  B, Lied  GA, Steinsvik  EK, Hausken  T, Pfabigan  DM, Lundervold  AJ. (2025). Brain Morphometry and Cognitive Features in the Prediction of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(4):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040470.

Billing J, Berentsen B, Lundervold A, Hillestad EMR, Lied GA, Hausken T, Lundervold AJ (2024). Cognitive function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: impairment is common and only weakly correlated with depression/anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2024 Jan-Jun;59(1):25-33. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2256916.

Lundervold AJ, Hillestad EMR, Lied GA, Billing J, Johnsen TE, Steinsvik EK, Hausken T, Berentsen B, Lundervold A (2023). Assessment of Self-Reported Executive Function in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Using a Machine-Learning Framework. J Clin Med. May 31;12(11):3771. doi: 10.3390/jcm12113771.

Emotion

Lundervold AJ, Billing JE, Berentsen B, Lied GA, Steinsvik EK, Hausken T, Lundervold A. Decoding IBS: a machine learning approach to psychological distress and gut-brain interaction. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024 Aug 15;24(1):267. doi: 10.1186/s12876-024-03355-z. 

Noman Haleem, Astri J. Lundervold, Gülen Arslan Lied, Eline Margrete Randulff Hillestad, Maja Bjorkevoll, Ben Rene ́ Bjørsvik, Erica Sande Teige, Ingeborg Brønstad, Elisabeth Kjelsvik Steinsvik, Bharath Halandur Nagaraja, Trygve Hausken, Birgitte Berentsen, and Arvid Lundervold (2023). A psychological symptom based machine learning model for clinical evaluation of irritable bowel syndrome. Open Research Europe 3:19 ()

DynAMoND

Maximilian Bayas, Tobias D. Kockler, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Giovanni de Girolamo, Laura Iozzino, Miriam D’Addazio, Jan Haavik, Anne Halmøy, Karin Schiøler Hellum, Berge Osnes, Astri J. lundervold, Nader Perroud, Roland Hasler, Mélanie Teixeira De Almeida, Ulrich W. Ebner-Priemer, Jonathan Repple, Andreas Reif, Mareike Aichholzer. Dynamics of affect modulation in neurodevelopmental disorders (DynAMoND) – study design of a prospective cohort study. Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 2024, 12:44

Childhood challenges 

Gosling, CJ, ....Lundervold, AJ….. Cortese,S (2023). Association between relative age at school and persistence of ADHD in prospective studies: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Psychiatry, 2023 Oct 25:S2215-0366(23)00272-9. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00272-9.

Bøe T, Heiervang ER, Stormark KM, Lundervold AJ, Hysing M. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 10-14-year-olds: Results from a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 19;16(3):e0248864. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248864. PMID: 33740026.

Characteristics

Lundervold AJ, Sørensen L, Posserud MB, Hysing M (2023). Low Persistence of Inattention Symptoms From Childhood to Adolescence: A Population-Based Study. J Atten Disord. 27(13), 1532 – 1539. doi: 10.1177/10870547231187147.

WA Helland, MB Posserud, AJ Lundervold. . European Journal of Special Needs Education 37 (2), 177-190. doi: 

Ahmad SI, Meza JI, Posserud M-B, Brevik EJ, Hinshaw SP and Lundervold AJ (2021) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Dimensions Differentially Predict Adolescent Peer Problems: Findings From Two Longitudinal Studies. Front. Psychol. Jan 13;11:609789. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.609789.

Askeland, K. G., Bøe, T., Lundervold, A. J., Stormark, K. M., Hysing, M. (2020). The association between symptoms of depression and school absence in a population-based study of late adolescents. Front Psychol. 9;11:1268. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01268. eCollection 2020.

Neurology/Neurodegeneration

Multiple sclerosis

Riemer F, Skorve E, Pasternak O, Zaccagna F, Lundervold AJ, Torkildsen Ø, Myhr KM, Grüner R (2023). Microstructural changes precede depression in patients with relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Commun Med (Lond). Jun 22;3(1):90. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00319-4.

Skorve, E, Lundervold AJ, Torkildsen, Ø, Reimer, F, Grüner, R, KM Myhr (2023). Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) and global brain volumes in early stages of MS – a longitudinal correlation study. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 69, 104398 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.104398 

Skorve E, Lundervold AJ, Torkildsen Ø, Myhr KM. A two-year longitudinal follow-up of cognitive performance assessed by BICAMS in newly diagnosed patients with MS. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Nov;46:102577. doi: .

Trauma

Karlsen RH, Saksvik SB, Stenberg J, Lundervold AJ, Olsen A, Rautio I, Folvik L, Håberg AK, Vik A, Karr JE, Iverson GL, Skandsen T. (2021). Examining the Subacute Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Traditional and Computerized Neuropsychological Test Battery. J Neurotrauma. Jan 1;38(1):74-85. doi:

Aging

P.G.L. Porta Mana, I. Rye , A. Vik , M. Kocinski, A, Lundervold, AJ Lundervold , AS Lundervold (2023) . Personalized prognosis & treatment using Ledley-Jaynes machines: An example study on conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease. No. 8nr56. Center for Open Science, January. 

Olga Therese Ousdal, Tobias Kaufmann, Knut Kolskår, Alexandra Vik, Eike Wehling, Astri J. Lundervold,  Lars T. Westlye, Arvid Lundervold. (2020).  Longitudinal stability of the brain functional connectome is associated with episodic memory performance in aging. Human Brain Mapping, 15; 41(3):697-709.  DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24833

Dementia

Vik, A., Kocinski, M, Rye, I, Lundervold, AJ, Lundervold, A (2023). Functional activity level reported by an informant is an early predictor of Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Geriatr. Mar 31;23(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s12877-023-03849-7.

Rye, Ingrid, Wik, Alexandra, Korsinsky, Marek, Lundervold, Alexander, Lundervold, Astri. (2022). Predicting conversion to Alzheimer’s Disease in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment using clinically transferable features. Sci Rep. 2022 Sep 16;12(1):15566. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18805-5.

Mofrad, S.A., Lundervold, A.J., Vik, A., Lundervold, A.S. (2021). Cognitive and MRI trajectories for prediction of Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep Jan 11, 2122. .

Drug abuse

Hetland, J., Lundervold, AJ, Aleksander H. Erga (2024). Cognitive impairment as a predictor of long-term psychological distress in patients with polysubstance use disorders: A prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. (2024) 24:143 

Hetland, J, Hagen, E, Lundervold, AJ, Erga, AH (2023). Performance on cognitive screening tests and long-term substance use outcome in patients with polysubstance use disorder. Eur Addict Res. Apr 20:1-10. doi: 10.1159/000528921. 

Hetland, J., Braatveit, K., Hagen,  E., Lundervold, A.J., Erga, A. H. The prevalence and characteristics of borderline Intellectual functioning in a sample of patients with polysubstance use disorder.  Frontiers in Psychology, Jul 14;12:651028. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.651028. eCollection 2021.

Collaborator in international studies 

Cognition 

Kennedy E, Vadlamani S, Lindsey HM, Lei PW, Jo-Pugh M, Thompson PM, Tate DF, Hillary FG, Dennis EL, Wilde EA; ENIGMA Clinical Endpoints Working Group. Bridging big data in the ENIGMA consortium to combine non-equivalent cognitive measures. Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 16;14(1):24289. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-72968-x. 

Kennedy E, ….. Lundervold AJ, ….. Dennis EL. Verbal Learning and Memory Deficits across Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Insights from an ENIGMA Mega Analysis. Brain Sci. 2024 Jun 29;14(7):669. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14070669.

Kennedy E, Vadlamani S, Lindsey HM, Lei PW, J, ……. Wilde EA (2023). Bridging Big Data: Procedures for Combining Non-equivalent Cognitive Measures from the ENIGMA Consortium. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Jan 19:2023.01.16.524331. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524331. PMID: 36712107.

Mental illness/psychiatric disorders

Patel Y, Shin J, Abé C, Agartz I, etal. (2022). Virtual Ontogeny of Cortical Growth Preceding Mental Illness. Biol Psychiatry. Mar 4:S0006-3223(22)01067-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.02.959. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35489875.

Writing Committee for the ENIGMA-CNV Working Group, van der Meer D, Sønderby IE, Kaufmann T. Et al. 2020.  JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Apr 1;77(4):420-430. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3779.

et al. (2020). Shared genetic background between children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology Sep;45(10):1617-1626. doi: 10.1038/s41386-020-0664-5. 

Brain imaging

Kong XZ; ENIGMA Laterality Working Group, Francks C .  Hum Brain Mapp. Jan;43(1):244-254. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25154. 

Mullins, N. ….. Ruderfer DM. Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors. Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 1;91(3):313-327. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.029. Epub 2021 Sep 9.

Postema MC …., ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group, …. Francks C. Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 22. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13396. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33748971.

Zhang-James Y, Helminen EC, Liu J; ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group, Franke B, Hoogman M, Faraone SV. (2021). Evidence for similar structural brain anomalies in youth and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a machine learning analysis. Transl Psychiatry. Feb 1;11(1):82. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01201-4.

Li T, van Rooij D, Roth Mota N, Buitelaar JK; ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, Hoogman M, Arias Vasquez A, Franke B. Characterizing neuroanatomic heterogeneity in people with and without ADHD based on subcortical brain volumes. J Child PsycholPsychiatry. 2021 Sep;62(9):1140-1149. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13384. 

Sønderby IE, Gústafsson Ó, Doan NT, et al. (2020). 16p11.2 European Consortium, for the ENIGMA-CNV working group.(2020).  Mol Psychiatry. Mar;25(3):584-602. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0118-1. 

, Daan van Rooij, Martine Hoogman, et al. Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness and cortical surface area across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – findings from the ENIGMA-ADHD, -ASD, and -OCD working groups. Manuscript number: AJP-19-03-0331.R2 . American Journal of Psychiatry. ep 1;177(9):834-843. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331. 

Van der Meer D, Rokicki J, Kaufmann T, … Westlye LT; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study. Brain scans from 21,297 individuals reveal the genetic architecture of hippocampal subfield volumes. Mol Psychiatry. 2020 Nov;25(11):3053-3065. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0262-7. 

Writing Committee for the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia ENIGMA Working Groups (2021). Virtual histology of cortical thickness reveals shared neurobiology underlying six psychiatric disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, Jan 1;78(1):47-63. doi: .

Syndromes 

Sønderby IE, ….. Andreassen OA; ENIGMA-CNV Working Group (2022). ENIGMA 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Group. Effects of copy number variations on brain structure and risk for psychiatric illness: Large-scale studies from the ENIGMA working groups on CNVs. Hum Brain Mapp. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan;43(1):300-328. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25354.

Sønderby IE, .... Andreassen OA; ENIGMA-CNV working group. 1q21.1 distal copy number variants are associated with cerebral and cognitive alterations in humans. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 22;11(1):182. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01213-0. PMID: 33753722

Genetics

Polyshina, T., Banerjee1, N., Giddaluru1,S, Bettella, F.,Espeseth, T., Lundervold, A.J.,  Djurovic,S., Cichon, S., Hoffmann, P., Nöthen, M.M., Steen, V.M., Andreassen, O.A.,  Le Hellard, S. (20219. Identification of pleiotropy at the gene level between psychiatric disorders and related traits.Translational Psychiatry (2021) 11:410 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01530-4

Lam M, … Lundervold AJ, …., Lencz T. (2021). Identifying nootropic drug targets via large-scale cognitive GWAS and transcriptomics. Neuropsychopharmacology. Sep;46(10):1788-1801. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01023-4.